Japanese grammar · quick reference

aspect

Start with the event shape, not an English tense.

Decision table

AskLikely readingExample
Can the action continue through time?Ongoing activity
Does the verb mark a transition into a new state?Resulting state
Does context supply a recurring interval?Repeated or habitual

Reference time

→ situation holds at NOW

→ situation held at THEN

High-value usage notes

is standard conversational Japanese. Use when politeness is appropriate.